Electoral reforms are public desires and expectations to bring about changes and improvement in the electoral system. Electoral system is therefore the institutions and structures that operate within the parameters of the political system that lead to the conduct of national elections where votes translate into seats and representation. Key variables centre on the electoral formulae such as plurality, majoritarian, proportional representation and mixed proportional representation (International IDEA:5).
Electoral reforms in Ghana are not a recent phenomenon but progressive over the years to address challenging areas in the electoral system. They occur alongside political reforms as a result of the friendly partnership between the electoral system and the political system. The symbiotic theory of electoral reforms attests to this assertion with much investigative work to be done to emphasize the connection between the two giants of democracy or refute on the basis of no significance connection in established and emerging democracies.
PUBLIC HOLIDAYS AND COMMEMORATIVE(AMENDMENT) ACT, 2025 (ACT 1142)
There are fourteen (14) celebrated public holidays and one (1) commemorative in Ghana in the year 2025 to equal a total of fifteen (15).Public holidays have three distinctive features.
1. National – Celebration recognizes important events in the country’s history, culture and sociopolitical landscape.
2. Regional or Continental – Recognizes the principles of Pan Africanism and achievements over colonialism and fight against the threat of neocolonialism to establish the identity of a people and nation. Example is the rich history, culture and solidarity of black Africa and continent.
3. International – Celebration recognizes important universal religious events of her people. Christians and Muslims holidays have same days celebrations worldwide in the spirit of unity of faith and social cohesion.
It is important to note that all local public holidays and non – commemorative holidays are shaped and celebrated in the spirit and letter of international accepted democratic principles, norms, and human rights and liberties.
Ghana’s Public Holidays and Commemorative Act, (Amendment), 2025 (Act 1142) has the following features.
1. Section 3 of the Public Holidays and Commemorative Act 201 amended to Section 3(2) of the Public Holidays and Commemorative (Amendment) Act, 2025 to have Substituted Holidays. Where a Public Holiday falls on a Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday, the President may by Executive Instrument declare Friday or Monday as a Public Holiday.
2. Additionally, where a Public Holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the President, may by Executive Instrument declare Monday as the Public Holiday.
3. Note that Substituted Holidays do not apply to religious Public Holidays such as Eid-ul-Fitr, Shaqq Day, Eid-ul-Adha, Christmas Day and Boxing Day and Easter holidays.
PUBLIC HOLIDAYS (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019 ACT 986
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
Section
Short Title of Act 601 amended
Section 1 of Act 601 amended
Section 4A inserted
Section 7 of Act 601 amended
Schedule to Act 601 amended
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
THE NINE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SIXTH ACT
OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA
ENTITLED
PUBLIC HOLIDAYS (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019
AN ACT to amend the Public Holidays Act, 2001 (Act 601) to provide for the T” day of January, the 4th day of August and the 21st day of September as statutory public holidays and for related matters.
DATE OF ASSENT:11th April, 2019.
PASSED by Parliament and assented to by the President:
Short Title to Act 601 amended
The Pubic Holidays Act, 2001 (Act 601) referred to in this Act as the “principal enactment” is amended by the substitution for the Short Title, of “Public Holidays and Commemorative Days Act, 2001 (Act 601)”.
Section 1 of Act 601 amended
The principal enactment is amended in section 1 by the insertion before the word “Schedule”, of “First”.
Section 4A inserted
The principal enactment is amended by the insertion after section 4, of
“Commemorative days
4A. A day specified in the Second Schedule shall be celebrated as a commemorative day.”
Section 7 of Act 601 amended
The principal enactment is amended by the substitution for section of
Interpretation
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, “commemorative day” means a day other than a
. statutory public holiday which is set aside in remembrance of an important person or an important event in the past; and
“shop” includes a store or any premises for the sale of goods.” .
Schedule to Act 601 amended
The principal enactment is amended by the substitution for the Schedule of,
Public holidays (amendment) act, 2019 act 986 – GHANA LAW
Culled from the E – Library of the Judicial Service of Ghana
LABOUR ACT, 2003 (ACT 651) – SECTIONS 20 – 31
PART IV—GENERAL CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT Sub-Part I—Annual Leave with Pay
Section 20—Leave Entitlement.
(1) In any undertaking every worker is entitled to not less than fifteen working days leave with full pay in any calendar year of continuous service.
(2) The expression “full pay” means the worker’s normal remuneration, without overtime payment, including the cash equivalent of any remuneration in kind.
Section 21—Continuous Service.
(1) Continuity of service shall not be regarded as interrupted by mere change of ownership or management of the undertaking.
(2) Where the work is not regularly maintained throughout the year, the requirement of continuous service shall be deemed to have been met if the worker has worked for not less than two hundred days in the particular year.
Section 22—Interruption of Work by Public Holidays, Sickness of Worker.
Public holidays and absence from duty due to sickness certified by a medical practitioner, and pregnancy and confinement, shall not affect the annual leave entitlement of a worker.
Section 23—Interruption of Work by Voluntary Communal Work, Civic Duties and Special Leave.
A period during which a worker is absent from his or her normal duties with the permission of the employer on account of the worker’s participation in voluntary communal work, the discharge of civic duties or the granting of special leave with or without pay, shall not be counted as part of the worker’s annual leave.
Section 24—Sick Leave not Part of Annual Leave.
A period of absence from work allowed owing to sickness, which is certified by a medical practitioner, and which occurs after the commencement of and during annual leave shall not be computed as part of the leave.
Section 25—Leave to be Uninterrupted.
(1) Every worker is entitled to enjoy an unbroken period of leave but an employer, in cases of urgent necessity, may in accordance with this section, require a worker to interrupt his or her leave and return to work.
(2) Where a worker is required by the employer to interrupt his or her leave in the circumstances specified in subsection (1) the worker shall not forfeit the right to the remainder of the leave but shall take the leave anytime thereafter.
(3) Where a worker takes his or her annual leave at the end of a calendar year, the leave may continue except as provided in sub-section (1) without interruption, into the following year.
Section 26—Employer to bear Cost of Leave Interruption.
Any employer who requires a worker to interrupt his or her annual leave in the circumstances stated in section 25, shall make up to the worker any reasonable expense incurred on account of the interruption, and also resumption of the leave by the worker.
Section 27—Record of Employment, Leave.
(1) A worker shall, as much as may be possible, be given notice of the date of commencement of his or her annual leave, at least, thirty days before the worker takes the leave.
(2) Every employer is required to keep a record showing the following particulars,
(a) the date of employment of each worker employed by the employer and the duration of the annual leave to which the worker is entitled;
(b) the dates on which the annual leave is taken by each worker; and
(c) the remuneration received by each worker in respect of the annual leave.
Section 28—Worker May Take Leave in Two Equal Parts.
Without prejudice to the provisions of this Sub-Part, a worker may be permitted to take his or her annual leave in two approximate equal parts.
Section 29—Leave Entitlement to be Restored to Where a worker, suspended from the service of his or her employer prior to disciplinary or criminal proceedings being taken against him or her is reinstated, the worker shall be entitled to take the leave he or she would have had if he or she had not been suspended.
Section 30—Termination of Employment not to Affect Leave Entitlement Earned.
(1) Where the employment of a worker is terminated, the worker is entitled to annual leave in proportion to the period of service in the calendar year.
(2) The worker shall not be deprived of any other grants or awards to which the worker is entitled including payment in lieu of notice of termination.
(3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to cases where the employer has the right to dismiss a worker without notice.
Section 31—Agreement to Forgo Leave to be Void.
Any agreement to relinquish the entitlement to annual leave or to forgo such leave is void
Currently, there are fourteen (14) celebrated public holidays and one (1) commemorative in Ghana in the year 2026 to equal a total of fifteen (15). The usual practice is that public holidays that fall on either Saturday or Sunday are celebrated in the first working day of the week.
Further amendments now direct that public holidays that fall on Mondays would be celebrated and observed nationwide but those that fall on Tuesday to Thursday as, midweek public holidays, will be shifted to Friday as public holidays to boost and create balance in productivity.
Note that months with thirty (30) and thirty one (31) days remain the same every year except the month of February which changes as leap year or not. To determine a leap year, divide the year by 4 if the result is a whole number like 2024. But if the result is not a whole number like 2025, it is not a leap year. Therefore, a leap year occurs every four (4) years to compensate for loss of days in the calendar month of February. Leap years have 366 days instead of the usual 365 days.
Leap days keep our calendar in alignment with the earth’s revolutions around the Sun. It takes Earth approximately 365.242189 days or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45 seconds to circle once around the sun. This is called a tropical year and starts on the March equinox; the three days on 19th, 20thand 21st in which the sun crosses the equator from the south to North. In Accra, Ghana the local time for the March equinox is on Friday 20th March, 2026, 9:46 pm GMT, and September equinox on Wednesday 22nd September, 2026, 00:06 am GMT.
The Equinoxes and the seasons: The March and September equinoxes mark the beginning of the spring and autumn seasons on earth according to one definition. The equinox in March is the start of the spring season in Northern hemisphere and the beginning of the fall south of the equator. The March and September equinoxes almost have equal number of day and night hours in the northern and southern hemispheres and varies as the months of the equinoxes expire and other months take their positions in the calendar years. This is accompanied with unbalanced length of days and nights; shorter days and longer nights in one hemisphere and longer days and shorter nights in another hemisphere. This is why certain countries record more hours of sunlight to make sunset after 6pm with its corresponding early sunset and more night hours in place of day hours. This explains why the times and seasons vary and differ at countries in Northern and southern hemispheres.
EQUINOXES TABLE: 2019 – 2029
UT date and time of equinoxes and solstices on Earth
Event
Equinox
Solstice
Equinox
Solstice
Month
March
June
September
December
Year
Day
Time
Day
Time
Day
Time
Day
Time
2019
20
21:58
21
15:54
23
07:50
22
04:19
2020
20
03:50
20
21:43
22
13:31
21
10:03
2021
20
09:37
21
03:32
22
19:21
21
15:59
2022
20
15:33
21
09:14
23
01:04
21
21:48
2023
20
21:25
21
14:58
23
06:50
22
03:28
2024
20
03:07
20
20:51
22
12:44
21
09:20
2025
20
09:02
21
02:42
22
18:20
21
15:03
2026
20
14:46
21
08:25
23
00:06
21
20:50
2027
20
20:25
21
14:11
23
06:02
22
02:43
2028
20
02:17
20
20:02
22
11:45
21
08:20
2029
20
08:01
21
01:48
22
17:37
21
14:14
Equinox
A solar equinox is a moment in time when the Sun crosses the Earth’s equator, which is to say, appears directly above the equator, rather than north or south of the equator. On the day of the equinox, the Sun appears to rise “due east” and set “due west”. This occurs twice each year, around 20th March and 23rd September.
More precisely, an equinox is traditionally defined as the time when the plane of Earth’s equator passes through the geometric center of the Sun’s disk. Equivalently, this is the moment when Earth’s rotation axis is directly perpendicular to the Sun-Earth line, tilting neither toward nor away from the Sun. In modern times, since the Moon (and to a lesser extent the planets) causes Earth’s orbit to vary slightly from a perfect ellipse, the equinox is officially defined by the Sun’s more regular ecliptic longitude rather than by its declination. The instants of the equinoxes are currently defined to be when the apparent geocentric longitude of the Sun is 0° and 180°.
The word is derived from the Latin aequinoctium, from aequus (equal) and nox (night). On the day of an equinox, daytime and nighttime are of approximately equal duration all over the planet. Contrary to popular belief, they are not exactly equal because of the angular size of the Sun, atmospheric refraction, and the rapidly changing duration of the length of day that occurs at most latitudes around the equinoxes. Long before conceiving this equality, equatorial cultures noted the day when the Sun rises due east and sets due west, and indeed this happens on the day closest to the astronomically defined event. As a consequence, according to a properly constructed and aligned sundial, the daytime duration is 12 hours.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the March equinox is called the vernal or spring equinox while the September equinox is called the autumnal or fall equinox. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true. During the year, equinoxes alternate with solstices. Leap years and other factors cause the dates of both events to vary slightly.
Hemisphere-neutral names are northward equinox for the March equinox, indicating that at that moment the solar declination is crossing the celestial equator in a northward direction, and southward equinox for the September equinox, indicating that at that moment the solar declination is crossing the celestial equator in a southward direction.
Daytime is increasing at the fastest at the vernal equinox and decreasing at the fastest at the autumnal equinox.
The specially designed multifaceted tables contain fifteen (15) formulas each that calculates retiring ages, remaining years, months and days of employees using their dates of birth and employment.
Once you know employees date of birth and date of employment, human resource departments can design multifaceted table in line with human resource planning and goals.
Note that the retiring age from active employment in Ghana is 60 years in accordance with Article 199 of the 1992 constitution. From date of birth, every worker will always reach the threshold of 720 months of retirement using correct date of birth. However, it varies with age of employment and remaining years to retirement.
Note that the retiring age from active employment in the United Kingdom was 66 years and is now 67 years from May 2026. From date of birth, every worker had and has the potential to attain the threshold of 792 or 804 months of retirement using correct date of birth. However, it varies with age of employment and remaining years to retirement. Countries with low retirement ages in the 50 range include Sri Lanka at 55, Indonesia at 58 years, Bangladesh at 59 years
Countries with retirement ages in year 2025 are around 60 – 70 such as 65 for Saudi Arabia, 67 for USA , U.K and Denmark, and 70 for Libya.
Phased in Ages: Countries with retirement ages tied to life expectancy is Denmark and is potentially rising. Currently the retirement age is 67.
Gender Based Ages: Countries with gender-based ages include Algeria with 60 for men and 55 for women, Russia with 62 for men and 57 for women, and Vietnam with 62 for men and 55 for women. Some countries have gender balanced retirement ages such as 70 for Libya, 67 for Italy, Australia, and Netherlands and Ghana.
Though retirement ages differ with countries, the formula to determine date of retirement remains the same using the EDATE FORMULA. Just multiply twelve months by the retirement age for your country tied to your date of birth.
Note that the designed tables suit countries with 60 years retirement ages. Besides, this is applicable to your country’s retirement age when you use it in the H column(below or above 60 years) of the worksheet. This will determine letters of notification from P to R columns and eventually retirement status when you attain it as in the S column.
Note that upward adjustments of retirement ages are still taking place as a result of worldwide reforms by labour unions, changes in the political system, productivity levels of the aged between 60 and 70, insurance claims and payments, increased life expectancy amidst rising youth unemployment. Here a vibrant private sector fills the gap and limitation of the public sector.
RETIREMENT DATE=EDATE(DATE OF BIRTH,(12*56) for 56 years retirement
RETIREMENT DATE=EDATE(DATE OF BIRTH,(12*58) for 58 years retirement age
RETIREMENT DATE=EDATE(DATE OF BIRTH,(12*60) for 60 years retirement age
RETIREMENT DATE=EDATE(DATE OF BIRTH,(12*65) for 65 years retirement age
RETIREMENT DATE=EDATE(DATE OF BIRTH,(12*66) for 66 years retirement age
RETIREMENT DATE=EDATE(DATE OF BIRTH,(12*67) for 67 years retirement age
RETIREMENT DATE=EDATE(DATE OF BIRTH,(12*68) for 68 years retirement age
RETIREMENT DATE=EDATE(DATE OF BIRTH,(12*69) for 69 years retirement age
RETIREMENT DATE=EDATE(DATE OF BIRTH,(12*70) for 70 years retirement age
Follow the formulas in each of the fifteen (15) columns in the two tables as shown in Column E3 to Column S3 in Table 1, and Column E19 to S19 in Table 2. From complexity to simplicity in your practice as you become familiar with each formula to achieve desired results. This is a very useful tool for human resource personnel in all organizations, institutions and companies.
With the generated tables, DGET Function and Worksheet formula have been used to extract, identify, select and project individual staff records for further action. Learn and understand the formulas and functions.
Pick your preference and work with it assiduously; with great care and preservation. Application is the key to simplify tasks, enhance productivity and success at the workplace, any human resource department and academic achievements.
The DGET function in Excel is a database function used to extract a single value from a table or database that matches specific criteria. It is particularly useful when working with structured data and you need to retrieve a unique value based on conditions. It replicates or reproduces data from the main table in a projected form.
Excel DGET Function Syntax: =DGET(database, field, criteria)
Follow the input function in B13 and B16 as a standard formula. You are duty bound to absolute reference the formula by pressing F4 key so that you can replicate or show exact copies in all columns and rows. That is input the dollar sign ($).
Note that the main database must use alpha numeric data for all column heads and row heads, and names if there is semblance to enable easy retrieval, identification and projection as done in A3:A7. This is necessary for the correct results of the criteria input in the DGET Table below as in A13 and A16 cells.
Work sheets also have same function but uses a different formula to replicate or reproduce the whole table or selected column and row names and values of a table.
Excel Sheet Function Syntax: =Sheet number!cell range
By these tables design and application of the two distinct function and formula all four tables (two each) give same data input and results as in the main database. That is changes made to the main database manually, results in automatic vale changes in the DGET Function tables and Duplicate cells/value formula tables.
Learn how to understand the function and formula, and apply them in teaching, lecturing, presentations, training workshops in all sectors of the economy and spheres of society. This is too good for use at any level, I mean all levels. You name it.
The TEXTJOIN formula concatenates a list or range of text strings using a delimiter, and has auto sum function sequentially.
The TEXTJOIN formula has input variable of a TRUE delimiter where empty cells are ignored when concatenating.
The TEXTJOIN formula has input variable of a FALSE delimiter where empty cells are included when concatenating.
These formulas are in excel worksheets and are easily applicable when designed tables have captured data in single cells either sequentially or not.
Each of the eight (8) worksheets is loaded with knowledge in alphanumeric language and (alphabets: where sentences are rearranged in a constructive way) to make you skillful in its application.
For learning purposes, tables have been carefully designed to ensure that the use of the TEXTJOIN formula produced sensible and accurate outcomes as expected results. It has office and business perspectives that are applicable in the private and public sectors.
It is academic and yet practicable to prepare you in the work environment, career building; as administrators, and senior positions of management, and Directors of companies, institutions and organizations, and churches.
Don’t stay behind in life; move forward in this knowledge. LEARN HOW TO USE THE TEXTJOIN FORMULA in Excel worksheets to create a structured and a systematic filing system. Note that it begins with an equal sign (=) in a selected cell.
Make sure that your name is written in the The Book of Life; Believe in Jesus Christ – Philippians 4:3, Revelations 20:12, 20:15, 21:27, 22:19
This blog post is about using the CONCATENATE formula and CONCAT formula to merge strings of cells into one string in a meaningful, purposeful and results oriented way.
These formulas are in excel worksheets and are easily applicable when designed tables have captured data in single cells either sequentially or not. Each of the eight (8) worksheets is loaded with knowledge in alphanumeric language and (alphabets: where sentences are rearranged in a constructive way) to make you skillful in its application.
For learning purposes, tables have been carefully designed to ensure that the use of the CONCATENATE formula and CONCAT formula produced sensible and accurate outcomes as expected results.
It has office and business perspectives that are applicable in the private and public sectors. It is academic and yet practicable to prepare you in the work environment, career building; as administrators, and senior positions of management, and Directors of companies, institutions and organizations, and churches. Don’t stay behind in life; move forward in this knowledge.
LEARN HOW TO USE THE CONCATENATE FORMULA and CONCAT FORMULA in Excel worksheets to create a structured and a systematic filing system. Note that it begins with an equal sign (=) in a selected cell.
Make sure that your name is written in the The Book of Life; Believe in Jesus Christ. Philippians 4:3, Revelations 20:12, 20:15, 21:27, 22:19
Additional Information – Note that you can also use the TEXT JOIN FORMULA to perform the same tasks: =TEXTJOIN(” “,TRUE, Select cells) or =TEXTJOIN(” “,FALSE, Select cells).
A formula is a mathematical relationship or rule expressed in symbols. It is also a list of ingredients with which something is made. It is a method or procedure for achieving something. It has synonyms as recipe, prescription, blueprint, plan, method, procedure, technique, system, rules, principles, precepts, modus operandi, mechanism, or convention.
One must be guided using the BODMASrule that states division and multiplication must be done before addition and subtraction in any mathematical example. If there are brackets or parenthesis and orders (of powers or roots), these must be done first of all. It means that there are other formulae to get the same results once they comply with the BODMAS rule.
These are four (4) skillfully designed formulae and one common 1+1+1 formula to compile and calculate utility bills whether electricity or water or solar or nuclear, gas or any form of bill. Useable especially in homes, administration and accounts offices, companies, organizations and institutions, Churches and in government circles. General use by workers in the private and public sectors, and students are all beneficial to achieve monthly, quarterly and mid – year and yearly goals.
Though designed on quarterly basis, it can be made applicable to payment timelines in the public and private sectors, organizations, institutions and companies.
1. USING THE 3-2 CUMULATIVE FORMULA
2. USING THE 3-2 FORMULA: ONLY FIRST TWO MONTHS BILLS IN THE QUARTER
3. USING THE 3-1 FORMULA: ONLY FIRST MONTH BILL
4. USING THE 3-1 FORMULA: ONLY SECOND MONTH BILL
5. USING THE SIMPLE ADDITION FORMULA: 1+1+1
Learning made easy for everyone; A learning plus for all beneficiaries.
Ghana’s administrative governance, and electoral system and electoral process has unique demarcation structures that is specified by the supreme law; 1992 constitution. We have Articles 5, 45, 47 – 51, 242 – 252, Act 462, Act 936 and Act 940.
Demarcation involves delimitation and delineation. The former involves boundary establishment in a definite and purposeful way by law and the latter refers to drawing of those boundaries on a map or paper or ground.
Let me remind you that even heaven and hell have boundaries as portrayed in the eternal destination of the rich man and poor Lazarus (Luke 16:19 – 31). Choose to be in heaven. Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ and you and your family will be saved eternally (Acts 16:30 & 31). Yes the Holy Spirit is our Helper for God is holy and righteous in all His ways
Using the code sheet start and end numbers plus one formula is a simple approach to calculating the range of polling stations especially in big administrative and electoral boundaries such as region, district and constituency. It is also applicable to electoral areas and units which are small in size.
It is a quick means to an end without missing the mark. It has merits of simplicity, flexibility and verifiability and prima facie evidence of code sheet range of polling stations. This is achievable and results oriented once the start and end numbers of code sheets within the delimitation areas are determined.
This formula is multifaceted in nature with immense benefits of quick and verifiable count and record of polling stations, ballot papers and registration, exhibition and election forms, and referendum forms in a polling station, electoral area, constituency, district and region, as well as long range of serial numbers and codes in organizations and institutions.
Demarcation involves delimitation and delineation. The former involves boundary establishment in a definite and purposeful way by law and the latter refers to drawing of those boundaries on a map or paper or ground.
Let me remind you that even heaven and hell have boundaries. Choose to be in heaven. Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ and you and your family will be saved as God’s word tell us. Yes the Holy Spirit is our Helper. Amen!
Nana Kwaku Duodu blog 